Primary Combustion Chamber
Waste Charging Door: Provided with refractory lining with sealing gaskets
Ash Removed Door: Provided with refractory lining with sealing gaskets
Outer Body MOC: Mild Steel, 5mm
Primary Chamber: Stainless Steel
Operating Temperature :800. ± 50◦C
Insulation: Insulation Brick
Heating Elements Type: Kanthal Al Grade
Power Consumption: 75 KW ( Initial Load )
Electrical Supply :3 Phase 440 Volt
Control Panel
MOC: Mild Steel Power Coated
No. of Temp: Controllers : 2 Nos
Details: The Control Panel will be provided with contract as relays , switches , indicators etc . Operative on 3 phase.
I.D.Fan
Type: Centrifugal Type
MOC: Mild Steel
Capacity:2 HP/3Phase
Make of Motor: Kirloskar /Havells/Crompton
Combustion Air Fan
Type: Centrifugal Type
Capacity: 1HP/3Phase
Make of Motor: Kirloskar /Havells/Crompton
Author Archives: military-camps-incinerator
incinerator manufacturer in china
1. Is the residence time more than 2 seconds?
2. Is the primary and secondary air preheated?
3. Could it be provided as a continuous system?
4. Is there a monitoring system for operational parameter? (temperature)
5. Is there a data logging system?
6. Does it provide for control interventions to adjust waste feed, grate speed, and temperature, volume and distribution
of primary and secondary air?
7. Does it include auxiliary burners?
8. Does it include system that automatically stops waste feeding when combustion parameters are not appropriate?
9. Is it possible to have an automatic bottom ash unloading system?
1. Is the primary and secondary air preheated?
2. Could it be provided as a continuous system?
3. Is there a data logging system?
4. Does it provide for control interventions to adjust waste feed, grate speed, and temperature, volume and distribution
of primary and secondary air?
5. Does it include auxiliary burners?
6. Does it include system that automatically stops waste feeding when combustion parameters are not appropriate?
7. Is it possible to have an automatic bottom ash unloading system?
Incinerator
Rated Capacity: 100/KG/Hr
Type of Design: Double Chambered
Mode of Heating: Heating Elements
waste incinerator manufacturer in china
- Burning rate: 250 Kg/hr.
- It should be able to Operate not Less than 10 hours/day
- This incinerator must be able to destruct all combustible wastes produced by hospitals, private clinics, laboratories, institutes, etc…
- Design Specification: Types A, B, C, D, and E of medical waste
- “PYROLYTIC” combustion, by controlling the gasification of waste.
- The incinerator must avoid the release of black smoke and fine dust, (Smokeless) during the loadings.
- It should be able to reduce the volume of wastes by 98%.
- It should be able to hold emission in the second burn with gas residence of not less than 2 seconds.
The incineration should be completely free from visible smoke as well as offensive odours.
- The lower calorific power (L.C.P) of this waste will be 3,500 kcal/kg
- The Temperatures of combustion:Minimum will be 850oC and max 1400oC
- Post combustion: >1100o
- The Internal diameter of the Chimney: Ø 400mm² and its height: 8 Meter
- The Volume of the combustion chamber: Not Less Than 2.3 M³
- Burner operation should be Automatic On/Off
- Fuel : diesel, LPG, Natural Gas, Bio fuel
- The supplier must provide necessary information for the best of the installation
This incinerator with “PYROLYTIC” combustion must have:
- A combustion chamber of waste:
* Perfectly tight door for the manual loading of waste.The loading should be Manual, Batch Load,
* A burner of lighting which the use is limited to the ignition of waste.
* Top Loading loading with door seals gone up on hinges, wheel of screw plug, flexible joint, and stuffing insulating out of refractory.
* The insulation of the combustion chamber should be composed of refractory bricks, having a high content of aluminum and insulates bricks in order to assure a minimum temperature on the outside sheet metal.
* Composition of the refractory;
- Refractory concrete :
- . Thickness : ≥100 mm
- . Nature: 42% of Al203
- Insulate in fibrous panels :
- . Thickness: ≥75 mm
- Nature: Calcium silicate.
* Burner of lighting of waste, with fuel, standard mono-bloc casting guiding plunging flame, lighting and safety of electronic ignition, permanent ventilation, electromagnetic sluice gate of regulation and isolating valve.
* Plate of combustion in Carborundum, avoiding the fixing of glass and slags.
- Load Method: Top Loading
- A chamber of post combustion of gases
* A burner of combustion of gases,
* A device of injection of air allowing a total recombustion of gases,
* A device of air inlet of cooling of waste gases,
* A sheath of evacuation of the gases burnt.
* Carcass in strong sheet steel with support of connection.
* Composition of the refractory;
- Refractory concrete :
- Thickness : ≥180 mm
- Nature: 65% of Al203
- Insulate in fibrous panel :
medical waste incinerator manufacturer
GOODS: ONE INCINERATORS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE | SUPPLIER’ | |||||
REQUIREMENT | S | OWN | ||||
PROPOSED | ||||||
SPECIFICA | ||||||
TION/ | ||||||
CONFIRM | ||||||
ATION | ||||||
SPECS | ||||||
Incinerator walls and roof : 1550 °C castable monolithic refractory | ||||||
concrete | ||||||
Temperature: ≥90 °C | ||||||
Insulation to walls: 1000 °C castable insulation | ||||||
Electricity supply required: 220volt, 15amp single phase | ||||||
Controls | ||||||
Draught control: barometer indicator, door operated draught limiter | ||||||
Air supply: built-in forced heated air ducts, primary and secondary | ||||||
(intensifier) | ||||||
Electric: control panel includes-circuit breakers, main switch, timer, | ||||||
pilot lights, 2 set point pyrometer and one set point pyrometer | ||||||
3.Experience and Qualifications | ||||||
Experience and Qualifications | ||||||
Company | ||||||
The companies responding to this ToRs must have at least 5 year | ||||||
experience of incinerator installation and maintenance or related | ||||||
field. It must be registered, have trader’s licence and be compliant | ||||||
with tax requirements. | ||||||
Project Leader | ||||||
The proposed expert should be able to demonstrate a breadth of | ||||||
relevant experience in operations and maintenance of incinerators or | ||||||
environmental management. The project leader should have at least | ||||||
a degree in environmental management or mechanical engineering | ||||||
or related field with at least 5 year experience in project | ||||||
coordination. Previous work in Lesotho or Southern African | ||||||
Development Community (SADC) experience will be an advantage. | ||||||
Health and Safety Officer | ||||||
He/she should be a health and safety professional, such as | ||||||
occupational health and safety; safety, health and environment, with | ||||||
at least 4 years of carrying out compliance inspections and audits of | ||||||
incinerators or construction projects. A minimum of a diploma in | ||||||
health and safety or a relevant discipline is required. Prior | ||||||
experience in Lesotho will be an added advantage. | ||||||
37 |
incinerator manufacturers
GOODS: ONE INCINERATORS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE | SUPPLIER’ | ||||||
REQUIREMENT | S | OWN | |||||
PROPOSED | |||||||
SPECIFICA | |||||||
TION/ | |||||||
CONFIRM | |||||||
ATION | |||||||
SPECS | |||||||
Height from base: 11m and if there are buildings within 30m of the | |||||||
incinerator, chimney must extend at least 3m above the apexes of all | |||||||
the roofs of such buildings | |||||||
Diameter of chimney at top: 430mm | |||||||
Weight of stack: ± 500kg | |||||||
case and stack be painted with 400 °C heat resistant black paint | |||||||
Burners | |||||||
1st chamber 850 oC -900oC | |||||||
2nd chamber 1000oC | |||||||
Variable speed combustion air blowers | |||||||
Primary chamber volume ±1.05 cubic metres | |||||||
Mixing chamber volume ±0.30 cubic meters | |||||||
Settling chamber volume ±0.89 cubic meters | |||||||
Weight excluding chimney ±6 400kg at manufacture | |||||||
Firing tools supplied: Hoe, poker and rake | |||||||
Dimensions | |||||||
Length ±2 125mm | |||||||
Width ±1 890mm | |||||||
Height ±2 125mm | |||||||
Extra width for burners | ±1 000mm | ||||||
Loading door opening 610mm×540mm | |||||||
Hearth area ±1.19 square metres | |||||||
Description of grate/hearth: A full hearth to be supplied to prevent | |||||||
contaminated liquids from flowing into ash pit without being | |||||||
incinerated | |||||||
Compliance with South African Atmospheric Pollution Prevention | |||||||
Act No. 45 of 1965 or equivalent air pollution standard | |||||||
Documents to be supplied : Operations and maintenance manual and | |||||||
standard operating procedures (SOPs) | |||||||
Emission controls: | |||||||
heated refractory screen | |||||||
Low velocity grit settling chamber | |||||||
Stainless steel arrester screen | |||||||
Refractory material: alumina content ≥49% and thickness average | |||||||
102mm | |||||||
Bake out: to be done over 2-3 days | |||||||
Materials of construction | |||||||
Case: 5mm mild steel | |||||||
Bracing: heavy angle and channel | |||||||
Hearth: 1550 °C | |||||||
Ashing door: high grade cast iron | |||||||
Loading door 5mm mild steel lined with 1550 °C castable general | |||||||
purpose high strength, high abrasion resistant monolithic refractory | |||||||
concrete | |||||||
36 |
TECHNICAL INCINERATORS SPECIFICATIONS FOR 2 hospitals in Kenya
TECHNICAL INCINERATORS SPECIFICATIONS FOR 2 hospitals
INTRODUCTION
- All the incinerators to be supplied and installed must meet the Government of Kenya waste Management Regulation 2006 in particular 3rdschedule regulation (26, 47) pertaining classification, standards, criteria, and procedure for installing/operating incinerators as authored by the National Environmental Management and Coordination (waste management) regulation 2006, legal notice No. 121 of 29th September 2006
- The capacity of the incinerator required should be to the specifications with a capacity to burn 100kgs/Hr
- The incinerator shall be run on a 3-phase power supply (mains)
- For the technical evaluation, not only the treatment plant but the entire system will be considered. It will be the responsibility of the Bidder to supply a full system, including all eventually additionally necessary secondary systems and additional equipment.
- The system offered shall be designed to operate normally under the conditions of the purchaser’s country. The conditions include Power Supply, Climate, Temperature, Humidity, etc.
- The Bidder must provide a warranty for one year.
- All text, parameter etc. on all control operating interfaces as well as on information displays and on print-outs shall be in English language.
- The Bidder is responsible for all permits and approvals for importation. The Bidder shall provide all the necessary documentation in order to facilitate the legal requirements for the installation and putting into use of the equipment.
- Period of Execution is 90 days from contract signature for delivery to site and completion of all verification operations required for the issuance of provisional acceptance.
- Representatives of the Contracting Authority and the Beneficiary, together with the Bidder’s representative, shall carry out the controls, testing and initial approval for provisional and final acceptance as. The provisional and final acceptance shall take place at the final destination.
- After-Sales Service: The Bidder is required to ensure that a maintenance, service and repair centre, which is authorised by the Manufacturer, and which is able to rapidly supply genuine spare parts and consumables recommended by the Manufacturer is available throughout the one year warranty period. In fulfillment of this requirement with their offer Bidders must submit a statement signed by a representative of the manufacturer:
- Providing the name and address of its authorised maintenance, service and repair centre,
- Confirming that this authorised maintenance, service and repair centre is able to rapidly supply genuine spare parts and the consumables recommended by the Manufacturer; and
- The Bidder will be responsible to deliver and install all to be supplied equipment at to be set up waste handling areas in the Republic of Kenya. The Bidder shall deliver a time schedule over the complete construction and assembling period. The delivery and installation time must be agreed between bidders, target Hospital and the Contracting Authority. The treatment plant must arrive pre-assembled. The Bidder shall ensure that all parts of the plant transported by sea shall not be shipped as “deck cargo”.
- It is expected that the Bidder cooperates closely with the contractor for the new waste handling building/area and will make available all needed technical information, drawing, etc. to the contractor.
- The Bidder shall supply and install the incinerator with the following attached specifications
TECHNICAL INCINERATORS SPECIFICATIONS FOR EAPHLNP | |||||
ITEM | DESCRIPTION | UNIT | QTY | RATE | KSHS. |
Incinerator | |||||
To supply and install the following | 2NO. | ||||
Hospital Incinerators to Nema standards | |||||
The following are the incinerator specifications :- | |||||
A | Ø Waste type: Mixed type 0,1,2,3 & 4 hospital/clinical bio hazard waste | ||||
Ø Waste density: 125 to 350Kg/M³ | |||||
Ø Waste CV: 4000 KCAL/Kg | |||||
Ø Moisture content: 10-25% | |||||
Ø Estimated ash residue: 5-10% | |||||
Ø Nominal capacity: 100Kg/hour batch load | |||||
Ø Secondary chamber: 2 second @ 1100ºC | |||||
Ø Environmental: NEMA ACT (EMCA) 1999 | |||||
Clean Air Act 1999 | |||||
BS3316 1987 | |||||
Equipment | Set | ||||
The Incinerator must comprise of: – | |||||
Ø Manual Loading door (heavy duty steel door with appropriate refractory lining) | |||||
Ø Horizontal solid hearth, refractory lined primary combustion chamber 800mm diameter x 2100mm long | |||||
Ø Full sized bulk load/ash removal door | |||||
Ø 1 off diesel-fired ignition burner – temperature controlled | |||||
Ø 1 off combustion air supply fan and distribution system, automatic control | |||||
Ø High capacity secondary combustion chamber 2 second @ 1100ºC with | |||||
Ø 1 off diesel-fired afterburner – temperature controlled | |||||
Ø Control Panel – automatic operation | |||||
Ø Temperature indication primary and secondary chambers 0-1200ºC. Both chambers must be insulated with refractory material (super duty 100mm thick firebrick with 25mm thick calcium silicate insulation) | |||||
Ø Refractory lined flanged chimney to a height of 10M and it must be 3m above the height of any existing roof adjacent to the incinerator | |||||
Carried Forward To Collection Page. | |||||
|
NOTE: WE REQUIRE TWO INCINERATORS. ONE | ||||
ITEM | DESCRIPTION | UNIT | QTY | RATE | KSHS. |
B | Diesel Tank: | ||||
To provide for diesel service tank (Capacity 400 litres) including level indicator
The tank should be connected to the incinerator at a higher level to enable free-flow of diesel from the tank to the incinerator. The connecting pipe must be a black pipe of approved gauge and diameter. Include other accompanying accessories and fittings |
Item | 1 | |||
C | Installation & commissioning works | ||||
D | Positioning of Incinerator: –
Provide lifting gears as forklift, gantry, rollers, and lifting jacks and position incinerator. |
Item | 1 | ||
E | Connect burners to fuel supply. | No. | 2 | ||
F | Chimney Installation: | ||||
G | Composition of the chimney: –
Provide a chimney with scrubber (for filtration) Provide lifting gear to hoist, erect and mount chimney, and provide supports slings as necessary. Allow for cutting of tree branches to facilitate the exercise. The chimney shall be painted with approved heat resistant paint after installation. |
Item. | 1 | ||
H | Commissioning & Training: | ||||
Testing set operating parameters, training of operators and technical staff. | Item | 1 | |||
I | Commissioning Maintenance Contract | ||||
Before the expiry of the warranty/signing off, the suppler shall provide a one-year replacement service parts (e.g. filters, air filters), the Quarterly routine maintenance price per quarter for three (3) quarters. Maintenance contract proposal). The maintenance contract price includes labour, transport and accommodation for the attending technicians. | Item | 3 |
EVALUATION CRITERIA
Evaluation shall be carried out in four stages namely preliminary examination of documents for conformance with mandatory requirements, technical evaluation, site visit and commercial evaluation.
Stage One: Preliminary Examination
– Preliminary Evaluation under special condition of the tender. These are mandatory requirements.
This shall include confirmation that a bidder has complied with the special condition of tender above.
Failure to meet any one of the above requirements stated in the special conditions of the contract shall lead to automatic disqualification.
Stage Two: TECHNICAL EVALUATION (70 MARKS)
ITEM | DESCRIPTION | UNIT | QTY | MARKS ALLOCATED | MARKS RECEIVED |
Incinerator | |||||
To supply and install the following | 2NO. | ||||
Hospital Incinerator to Nema standards | |||||
|
The following are the incinerator specifications :- | ||||
A | Ø Waste type: Mixed type 0,1,2,3 & 4 hospital/clinical bio hazard waste | 35 | |||
Ø Waste density: 125 to 350Kg/M³ | |||||
Ø Waste CV: 4000 KCAL/Kg | |||||
Ø Moisture content: 10-25% | |||||
Ø Estimated ash residue: 5-10% | |||||
Ø Nominal capacity: 100Kg/hour batch load | |||||
Ø Secondary chamber: 2 second @ 1100ºC | |||||
Ø Environmental: NEMA ACT (EMCA) 1999 | |||||
Clean Air Act 1999 | |||||
BS3316 1987 | |||||
Equipment | Set | ||||
The Incinerator must comprise of: – | |||||
Ø Manual Loading door (heavy duty steel door with appropriate refractory lining) | |||||
Ø Horizontal solid hearth, refractory lined primary combustion chamber 800mm diameter x 2100mm long | |||||
Ø Full sized bulk load/ash removal door | |||||
Ø 1 off diesel-fired ignition burner – temperature controlled | |||||
Ø 1 off combustion air supply fan and distribution system, automatic control | |||||
Ø High capacity secondary combustion chamber 2 second @ 1100ºC with | |||||
Ø 1 off diesel-fired afterburner – temperature controlled | |||||
Ø Control Panel – automatic operation | |||||
Ø Temperature indication primary and secondary chambers 0-1200ºC. Both chambers must be insulated with refractory material (super duty 100mm thick firebrick with 25mm thick calcium silicate insulation) | |||||
Ø Refractory lined flanged chimney to a height of 10M and it must be 3m above the height of any existing roof adjacent to the incinerator | |||||
ITEM | DESCRIPTION | UNIT | QTY | RATE | KSHS. |
B | Diesel Tank: | ||||
To provide for diesel service tank (Capacity 400 litres) including level indicator
The tank should be connected to the incinerator at a higher level to enable free-flow of diesel from the tank to the incinerator. The connecting pipe must be a black pipe of approved gauge and diameter. Include other accompanying accessories and fittings |
Item | 1 | 20 | ||
C | Installation & commissioning works | ||||
D | Positioning of Incinerator: –
Provide lifting gears as forklift, gantry, rollers, and lifting jacks and position incinerator. |
Item | 1 | 10 | |
E | Connect burners to fuel supply. | No. | 2 | 5 | |
F | Chimney Installation: | ||||
G | Composition of the chimney: –
Provide a chimney with scrubber (for filtration) Provide lifting gear to hoist, erect and mount chimney, and provide supports slings as necessary. Allow for cutting of tree branches to facilitate the exercise. The chimney shall be painted with approved heat resistant paint after installation. |
Item. | 1 | 10 | |
H | Commissioning & Training: | ||||
Testing set operating parameters, training of operators and technical staff. | Item | 1 | 10 | ||
I | Commissioning Maintenance Contract | ||||
Before the expiry of the warranty/signing off, the suppler shall provide a one-year replacement service parts (e.g. filters, air filters), the Quarterly routine maintenance price per quarter for three (3) quarters. Maintenance contract proposal). The maintenance contract price includes labour, transport and accommodation for the attending technicians. | Item | 3 | 10 | ||
TOTAL |
100 |
Pass mark for technical evaluation is 70/100 marks
Stage Three: Site Visit
The evaluation committee will visit the premises of the bidders who are responsive to technical evaluation stage to verify the authenticity of statutory document submitted; ascertain the accuracy of the information given in the tender documents, assess firm’s capacity, location, among others.
The Tenderer will be automatically disqualified where false or fraudulent Information is found to have been given.
Stage 4 Commercial Evaluation
Bids that pass the above three (3) stages shall be compared on the basis of prices / cost quoted and the lowest priced will be considered the lowest evaluated bid and subsequently recommended for award. Prevailing market prices will be used to determine the price responsiveness of the bidders.
SECTION V – SCHEDULE OF REQUIREMENTS
ITEM
NO |
ITEM DESCRIPTION | UNIT | QTY. REQUIRED | UNIT PRICE (KHS) | REMARKS |
1. | Supply, Delivery, installation and commissioning of Incinerator in |
NO
|
1 |
||
2. | Supply, Delivery, installation and commissioning of Incinerator |
NO
|
1 |
Signature of tenderer
Note: In case of discrepancy between unit price and total, the unit price shall prevail.
SECTION VI – STANDARD FORMS
- Form of tender
- Contract form
- Confidential Questionnaire form
- Tender security form
- Performance security form
- Bank guarantee for advance payment
- Declaration form
00 BEDS HOSPITAL INCENERATOR TECHNICAL INFORMATIONS
1) Policy
– Waste disposal management shall be taken special note to prevent hospital infection.
– Infections wastes shall be managed, stored strictly and burned by a incinerator located at hospital site.
2) Waste Disposal Plan
- a)Classification
– Medical wastes in hospital are classified as follows;
Infections Waste | Specially-controlled waste | Organ, needle, etc. |
Industrial waste | Rubber gloves, etc. | |
General waste | Gauze, etc. | |
General Waste | Plastic, Rubber | Infusion bottle, etc. |
Paper, wood, Vinyl | Voucher, etc. | |
Metal, Glass | Can, Glass bottle |
- b) Infections Waste Disposal
– Segregation: Infections waste disposal shall be segregated appropriately and packed in particular containers and delivered to particular storage. The segregation, packing and delivery shall be operated appropriately at each room such as outpatient, operation theater, blood collection room and dialysis room.
– Precaution: Infections waste shall not be place in other containers on the way of segregation, packing and delivery.
– Storage: Infections waste shall be stored at the storage in hospital site temporarily until infections waste is incinerated.
– Incinerator:
It is designed to sterilize medical waste , reduce its volume , and render its components unrecognizable all in one fully enclosed and automated system.
It combines direct heated steam , high pressure and shredding to treat infectious materials.
The contaminated waste is loaded into the upper stainless steel chamber where a heavy-duty shredder reduces the waste into small pieces. Using gravity, the processed material falls into the treatment chamber where every piece is steam heated to 134 and pressurized to 3 to bar for 20 minutes. The operating conditions are continuously monitored and validated to achieve complete sterilization.
The 60 minutes average duration process cycle is totally automated. A computerized system monitors the process and automatically prints a report with the essential sterilizing parameters at the end of the cycle for accurate record keeping.
The capacity is between 500 to 600 kg/cy.h or more.
Treatment cycle:
1- Loading ; the contaminated waste is automatically -loaded into the chamber of the unit
2-Shredding; the heavy-duty shredder cut the material into small pieces and features a unique reversing system to avoid jamming
3-Heat; saturated pressurized steam raises the temperature to 134 C and the pressure to 3 bar
4-Sterilization; the sterilization comes into direct contact with the shredding material (134 c , 3 bar) for 20 minutes
5-Cooling; temperature is lowered to 80 C by spraying cool water onto Double jacket of the treatment vessel, simultaneously, the unit returns to ambient pressure
6-Draining; the steam is condensed to water and discharged with the cooling water to the sanitary sewer system
7-vacuum; the remaining residual steam is vented out through a vacuum pump
8-Unloading; a digital signal informs the operator that all safe operating conditions have been met
The condition unlocks the unit and allows gravity unloading of the treated waste into a container
Teaching Specification
General Characteristics
Operational temp. max | 160 C |
Max Weight when filld with waste For a special hydraulic test. Kg | 10500 |
Stress. Kg/ cm3 | 3.5 |
Steam Pressure. Bar | 8 |
Max Steam Flow Kg/h | 500 |
Compressed Air Bar | 6 |
Electricity 380 V/3 – phase Surge Protection system | 35KW |
Operating Characteristics | |
Average Cycle Time. minutes | 60 |
Process Wight Capacity . Kg | 500 – 600 |
Density. Kg/m3 | 100 |
Average process wight capacity Kg./cycle microbial inactivation | 200-300
8log 10 |
Waste volume reductin | 80% |
Consumption / Cycle | |
Steam. Kg | 40 |
Electricity . KW/h | 9 |
Water Liters | 500 |
incinerator manufacturer
“PYROLYTIC” combustion, by controlling the gasification of waste
The incinerator manufacturer must avoid the release of black smoke and fine dust, during the loadings.
It shall be able to reduce the volume of wastes by 98%.
It shall be able to hold emission in the second burn with gas residence of not less than 2 seconds.
The incineration should be completely free from visible smoke as well as offensive odours.
1.0The primary ignition burner shall providing ignition of the waste to 850 °C and must switch off to conserve fuel.
The primary combustion chamber shall be constructed from heavy steel plate and the unit is internally lined with a
complete layer of hote face refractory and high efficiency insulation.
The Internal diameter of the Chimney at least: ? 400 and its height: 8 m